First I need to give credit to the originator of this metaphor, a friend and mentor Dr. Stephen Finn. Dr. Finn is a psychologist in practice here in Austin, Texas and is on faculty at UT Austin. He has mentored many psychologists over the years and is a world-renown expert on psychological assessment. If you are interested in psychological assessment you may find his website, www.therapeuticassessment.com, of interest. Now that I have given credit, let me explain what "saucering" is.

  When an infant is born, he or she has a very limited capacity to tolerate distress. This is why babies cry as much as they do. When they are cold they cry. When they are wet they cry. When they are hungry they cry. This is because they really can't do much to help themselves. Not only can they not change their own diaper or get their own blanket, but they can't tell themselves "well, it's OK that I am cold/wet/hungry right now because I know that it's only going to be a few minutes and then someone will come and take care of me". They can't do this because they don't' have a sense of time yet, a or of cause and effect , or of problem solving, etc. So they are just stuck with their crummy feeling and it doesn't take long before they feel overwhelmed and start to cry. So if you think about their capacity to tolerate upsetting feelings (physical or emotional) as a container, it would be very small. An infant, for example, would have maybe a thimble-sized container inside of them in which to store painful experiences. Once that thimble is overflowing with distress the baby will start to fuss and cry because they are overwhelmed. 

Feeling overwhelmed is not good for your nervous system. Our brains and bodies were not designed to manage distress for long periods of time. This is what people are talking about when they discuss stress-related illnesses. Long-term emotional or physical stress taxes our bodies and our psyches. So we don't want that little baby to sit in their distress for very long. We know that they only have a tiny little capacity for distress and we need to be ready to swoop in and put a saucer under their thimble. That way the over-flow is caught and doesn't make a big mess. When a parent or caregiver is able to quickly come in and put a saucer under the thimble of the baby when it starts to overflow, the baby learns that "OK, that was really uncomfortable to feel overwhelmed, but someone came along quickly and helped me contain it so it didn't' make a huge mess". And through that experience the baby learns to expand his or her capacity for distress. So over time the thimble-size container grows and becomes larger-- say a small teacup or espresso cup. So now the baby has more capacity to manage distress the next time it comes up. 

Over the span of one's childhood, if the person is lucky enough to have parents who can provide support quickly and adequately, the capacity to tolerate distress grows considerably large. By adulthood if all goes well a person has a container inside of them that is the size of a rain barrel.  This means that as they go through their day they can tolerate a lot of stress and discomfort if need be. Which is a fantastic capacity to have in our stressful modern world!

However, as you can imagine, if a child grows up in a family where the parents are not able to quickly and adequately support the baby things can take a different turn. Maybe mom is depressed, or dad works two jobs, or one of the parents is an alcoholic, or mentally ill. Or one of the siblings has a serious medical condition. There are many reasons why parents may not be able to adequately saucer their children. But regardless of the reason for the failure the result is the same. The child grows into an adult who still has that thimble-sized capacity for distress inside of them. And this means that they are constantly feeling overwhelmed and flooded by painful feelings that interfere with their functioning. 

For some people the effects may be obvious-- not being able to keep a job, not being able to maintain friendships or romantic relationships. For others it may be the underlying reason for developing addictions. Or just never fully reaching one's potential. The manifestation of having a small internal capacity for distress is different for different people but it is damaging to all. 

So what can be done about this? Since the "failure" is in childhood, what can the person do as an adult to work on this problem? Well, it turns out that therapists are fantastic saucers. Pretty much everything we learn in our training is in the service of saucering people. And when you take an adult with a thimble-sized container for distress and put them with a good therapist, the therapist can swoop in and "saucer" the person when they start to feel flooded. And this gives that person the experience they were missing in childhood. So through therapy and repeated experiences of being "saucered" by the therapist the adult is able to increase his or her capacity for distress, just as the child would have. While these changes take time, they are also permanent and far-reaching. 

If you feel that you have trouble sitting with painful feelings, whether that's anger or sadness or grief or boredom or anxiety…or any other uncomfortable feelings, you may want to consider finding a good therapist. Remember that the most important thing in starting therapy is to feel comfortable with the therapist, to feel that the two of you have a good "fit". Feel free to interview several different therapists-- we don't mind! Any good therapist will encourage you to shop around and wait until you feel you have found someone that you can feel comfortable with. For more information on finding the right therapist for you, see my page on this website entitled "Frequently Asked Questions". 

Most of us assume that our genes don't change. If both of our parents have blue eyes, we assume that we will pass on our blue-eyed genes to our kids. Simple enough. But new research actually shows that some genes can be altered by our life experiences. For example some survivors of the female holocaust have shown changes in their DNA that were transmitted to their children. These genetic changes were associated with increased risk for PTSD and imbalanced chemical reactions to stress (low cortisol levels) for their offspring. 

Research on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has shown how the stressors associated with PTSD make changes not to the structure of a gene but to how that gene functions. In simple terms, there are chemical changes (a common one is methylation) within a gene that cause that gene to change how that segment of DNA is transcribed. Whenever DNA is replicated a copy is made. Changes within the DNA due to stress actually alter how that copy comes out. Think of it as taking a crisp, clean original document and putting it on a copy machine. Only right before you close the lid you accidentally spill a small amount of your coffee on the paper to be copied. When the copy comes out of the machine it's going to look different from the original due to the smearing of the ink from your coffee. Now when copies are made from that copy (passing your genes on to your offspring) there DNA looks different from the original (your DNA). They could then express that difference by increased anxiety, risk for PTSD, depression or a host of other psychological problems. In the research on animals that is modeled after PTSD one of the problems that are seen in offspring of animals exposed to extreme stressors is the enhanced suppression of cortisol in response to a stressor. Cortisol stops the release of adrenaline, which in turn helps the person to return to a state of less intense reactivity. So a child of a person who has experienced severe stressors may not be able to turn off their adrenaline response to stress as easily as they should. This could lead to not only emotional difficulties but an increase in stress-related illnesses. It has also been speculated that Epigenetic-mediated changes (changes from stressors experienced by the person) in the hippo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) could create an increased vulnerability to PTSD if the person experiences trauma.

Based on the research on severe stress and PTSD many scientists are extrapolating that there could be numerous life experiences that we transmit to our children via changes in our DNA. This certainly does not mean that our children are doomed, only that there are complex ways in which we transmit our ongoing experiences to our children. It also means that our current experiences may alter the ways in which our own body creates new cells, which in turn may change how our bodies respond to stress. But if negative experiences like severe stress can cause changes to our DNA, than positive experiences such as psychotherapy and the results of psychotherapy can potentially create positive changes in our DNA as well.